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Diffusion of responsibility is a sociopsychological phenomenon whereby a person is less likely to take responsibility for action or inaction when others are present. Considered a form of attribution, the individual assumes that others either are responsible for taking action or have already done so.〔Ciccarelli, S. K. & White, J. N. (2009). ''Psychology'' (2nd ed.) New Jersey: Pearson Education. ISBN 978-0-13-600428-8.〕 The phenomenon tends to occur in groups of people above a certain critical size and when responsibility is not explicitly assigned. It rarely occurs when the person is alone and diffusion increases with groups of three or more.〔Darley, J. M. & Latané, B. (1968). Bystander intervention in emergencies: diffusion of responsibility. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', 8, 377-383.〕〔Leary, M. R. & Forsyth, D. R. (1987). Attributions of responsibility for collective endeavors. ''Review of Personality and Social Psychology'', 8, 167-188.〕 ==Conditions== Diffusion of responsibility occurs in large group settings and under both prosocial and antisocial conditions. In prosocial situations, individuals' willingness to intervene or assist someone in need is inhibited by the presence of other people.〔Latané, B. & Nida, S. (1980). Ten years of research on group size and helping. ''Psychological Bulletin'', 89, 308-324.〕 The individual is under the belief that other people present will or should intervene. Thus, the individual does not perceive it as his or her responsibility to take action. The Murder of Kitty Genovese is the classic case study for diffusion of responsibility in a prosocial situation. It has been demonstrated that the likelihood of a person offering help decreases as the number of observers present increases. This is known as the bystander effect.〔 In addition, diffusion of responsibility is more likely to occur under conditions of anonymity. In prosocial situations, individuals are less likely to intervene when they do not know the victim personally. Instead, they believe that someone who has a relationship with the victim will assist. In antisocial situations, negative behaviors are more likely to be carried out when the person is in a group of similarly motivated individuals. The behavior is driven by the deindividuating effects of group membership and the diffusion of feelings of personal responsibility for the consequences.〔Mathes, E. W. & Kahn, A. (1975). Diffusion of responsibility and extreme behavior. ''Journal of Personality and Social Psychology'', 31, 881-886.〕 As part of this process, individuals become less self-aware and feel an increased sense of anonymity. As a result, they are less likely to feel responsible for any antisocial behavior performed by their group. Diffusion of responsibility is also a causal factor governing much crowd behavior, as well as risk-taking in groups.〔Wallach, M. A., Kogan, N., & Bem, D. J. (1964). Diffusion of responsibility and level of risk taking in groups.''Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology'', 68, 263-274.〕〔Le Bon, G. (1995, 1895). The crowd: a study of the popular mind. London: Transaction. ISBN 978-1-56000-788-3.〕 Diffusion of responsibility can manifest itself: *In a group of people who, through action or inaction, allow events to occur which they would never allow if they were alone. This is referred to as groupthink and groupshift. *In a group of people working on a task who lose motivation, feel less responsibility for achievement of group goals, and hide their lack of effort in the group (social loafing). *In hierarchical organizations, when subordinates claim to simply be following orders and supervisors claim that they merely issue directives and do not perform the actions under question. The difficulty of identifying the culpable party is often seen in trials regarding crimes against humanity. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「diffusion of responsibility」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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